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ISTQB CT-AI Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

ML: Data: This section of the exam covers explaining the activities and challenges related to data preparation. It also covers how to test datasets create an ML model and recognize how poor data quality can cause problems with the resultant ML model.

Topic 2

Using AI for Testing: In this section, the exam topics cover categorizing the AI technologies used in software testing.

Topic 3

Machine Learning ML: This section includes the classification and regression as part of supervised learning, explaining the factors involved in the selection of ML algorithms, and demonstrating underfitting and overfitting.

Topic 4

Testing AI-Based Systems Overview: In this section, focus is given to how system specifications for AI-based systems can create challenges in testing and explain automation bias and how this affects testing.

Topic 5

Test Environments for AI-Based Systems: This section is about factors that differentiate the test environments for AI-based

Topic 6

Neural Networks and Testing: This section of the exam covers defining the structure and function of a neural network including a DNN and the different coverage measures for neural networks.

Topic 7

Methods and Techniques for the Testing of AI-Based Systems: In this section, the focus is on explaining how the testing of ML systems can help prevent adversarial attacks and data poisoning.

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ISTQB Certified Tester AI Testing Exam Sample Questions (Q78-Q83):

NEW QUESTION # 78
Pairwise testing can be used in the context of self-driving cars for controlling an explosion in the number of combinations of parameters.
Which ONE of the following options is LEAST likely to be a reason for this incredible growth of parameters?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance
B. Different weather conditions
C. Different Road Types
D. Different features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance etc.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Pairwise testing is used to handle the large number of combinations of parameters that can arise in complex systems like self-driving cars. The question asks which of the given options isleast likelyto be a reason for the explosion in the number of parameters.
* Different Road Types (A): Self-driving cars must operate on various road types, such as highways, city streets, rural roads, etc. Each road type can have different characteristics, requiring the car's system to adapt and handle different scenarios. Thus, this is a significant factor contributing to the growth of parameters.
* Different Weather Conditions (B): Weather conditions such as rain, snow, fog, and bright sunlight significantly affect the performance of self-driving cars. The car's sensors and algorithms must adapt to these varying conditions, which adds to the number of parameters that need to be considered.
* ML Model Metrics to Evaluate Functional Performance (C): While evaluating machine learning (ML) model performance is crucial, it does not directly contribute to the explosion of parameter combinations in the same way that road types, weather conditions, and car features do. Metrics are used to measure and assess performance but are not themselves variable conditions that the system must handle.
* Different Features like ADAS, Lane Change Assistance, etc. (D): Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and other features add complexity to self-driving cars. Each feature can have multiple settings and operational modes, contributing to the overall number of parameters.
Hence, theleast likelyreason for the incredible growth in the number of parameters isC. ML model metrics to evaluate the functional performance.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 9.2 on Pairwise Testing discusses the application of this technique to manage the combinations of different variables in AI-based systems, including those used in self- driving cars.
* Sample Exam Questions document, Question #29 provides context for the explosion in parameter combinations in self-driving cars and highlights the use of pairwise testing as a method to manage this complexity.

NEW QUESTION # 79
There is a growing backlog of unresolved defects for your project. You know the developers have an ML model that they have created which has learned which developers work on which type of software and the speed with which they resolve issues. How could you use this model to help reduce the backlog and implement more efficient defect resolution?

A. Use it to prioritize defects automatically based on the time expected for the fix to be made, the speed of the fix, and the likelihood of regressions
B. Use it to determine the root cause of each defect and develop a process improvement plan that can be implemented to remove the most common root causes
C. Use it to review the code and determine where more defects are likely to occur so that testing can be targeted to those areas
D. Use it to assign defects to the best developer to resolve the problem and to load balance the defect assignments among the developers

Answer: D

Explanation:
The syllabus explains that ML models can be used to analyze reported defects and suggest which developers are best suited to fix them based on historical data about defect assignment and resolution speed:
"Assignment: ML models can suggest which developers are best suited to fix particular defects, based on the defect content and previous developer assignments." (Reference: ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus v1.0, Section 11.2, page 78 of 99)

NEW QUESTION # 80
Which ONE of the following activities is MOST relevant when addressing the scenario where you have more than the required amount of data available for the training?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Data sampling
B. Feature selection
C. Data augmentation
D. Data labeling

Answer: A

Explanation:
A . Feature selection
Feature selection is the process of selecting the most relevant features from the data. While important, it is not directly about handling excess data.
B . Data sampling
Data sampling involves selecting a representative subset of the data for training. When there is more data than needed, sampling can be used to create a manageable dataset that maintains the statistical properties of the full dataset.
C . Data labeling
Data labeling involves annotating data for supervised learning. It is necessary for training models but does not address the issue of having excess data.
D . Data augmentation
Data augmentation is used to increase the size of the training dataset by creating modified versions of existing data. It is useful when there is insufficient data, not when there is excess data.
Therefore, the correct answer is B because data sampling is the most relevant activity when dealing with an excess amount of data for training.

NEW QUESTION # 81
"Splendid Healthcare" has started developing a cancer detection system based on ML. The type of cancer they plan on detecting has 2% prevalence rate in the population of a particular geography. It is required that the model performs well for both normal and cancer patients.
Which ONE of the following combinations requires MAXIMIZATION?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. Maximize accuracy and recall
B. Maximize precision and accuracy
C. Maximize recall and precision
D. Maximize specificity number of classes

Answer: C

Explanation:
Prevalence Rate and Model Performance:
The cancer detection system being developed by "Splendid Healthcare" needs to account for the fact that the type of cancer has a 2% prevalence rate in the population. This indicates that the dataset is highly imbalanced with far fewer positive (cancer) cases compared to negative (normal) cases.
Importance of Recall:
Recall, also known as sensitivity or true positive rate, measures the proportion of actual positive cases that are correctly identified by the model. In medical diagnosis, especially cancer detection, recall is critical because missing a positive case (false negative) could have severe consequences for the patient. Therefore, maximizing recall ensures that most, if not all, cancer cases are detected.
Importance of Precision:
Precision measures the proportion of predicted positive cases that are actually positive. High precision reduces the number of false positives, meaning fewer people will be incorrectly diagnosed with cancer. This is also important to avoid unnecessary anxiety and further invasive testing for those who do not have the disease.
Balancing Recall and Precision:
In scenarios where both false negatives and false positives have significant consequences, it is crucial to balance recall and precision. This balance ensures that the model is not only good at detecting positive cases but also accurate in its predictions, reducing both types of errors.
Accuracy and Specificity:
While accuracy (the proportion of total correct predictions) is important, it can be misleading in imbalanced datasets. In this case, high accuracy could simply result from the model predicting the majority class (normal) correctly. Specificity (true negative rate) is also important, but for a cancer detection system, recall and precision take precedence to ensure positive cases are correctly and accurately identified.
Conclusion:
Therefore, for a cancer detection system with a low prevalence rate, maximizing both recall and precision is crucial to ensure effective and accurate detection of cancer cases.

NEW QUESTION # 82
Upon testing a model used to detect rotten tomatoes, the following data was observed by the test engineer, based on certain number of tomato images.

For this confusion matrix which combinations of values of accuracy, recall, and specificity respectively is CORRECT?
SELECT ONE OPTION

A. 1,0.9, 0.8
B. 0.87.0.9. 0.84
C. 1,0.87,0.84
D. 0.84.1,0.9

Answer: B

Explanation:
To calculate the accuracy, recall, and specificity from the confusion matrix provided, we use the following formulas:
* Confusion Matrix:
* Actually Rotten: 45 (True Positive), 8 (False Positive)
* Actually Fresh: 5 (False Negative), 42 (True Negative)
* Accuracy:
* Accuracy is the proportion of true results (both true positives and true negatives) in the total population.
* Formula: Accuracy=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+FN ext{Accuracy} = rac{TP + TN}{TP + TN + FP + FN}Accuracy=TP+TN+FP+FNTP+TN
* Calculation: Accuracy=45+4245+42+8+5=87100=0.87 ext{Accuracy} = rac{45 + 42}{45 + 42
+ 8 + 5} = rac{87}{100} = 0.87Accuracy=45+42+8+545+42=10087=0.87
* Recall (Sensitivity):
* Recall is the proportion of true positive results in the total actual positives.
* Formula: Recall=TPTP+FN ext{Recall} = rac{TP}{TP + FN}Recall=TP+FNTP
* Calculation: Recall=4545+5=4550=0.9 ext{Recall} = rac{45}{45 + 5} = rac{45}{50} = 0.9 Recall=45+545=5045=0.9
* Specificity:
* Specificity is the proportion of true negative results in the total actual negatives.
* Formula: Specificity=TNTN+FP ext{Specificity} = rac{TN}{TN + FP}Specificity=TN+FPTN
* Calculation: Specificity=4242+8=4250=0.84 ext{Specificity} = rac{42}{42 + 8} = rac{42}{50} = 0.84Specificity=42+842=5042=0.84 Therefore, the correct combinations of accuracy, recall, and specificity are 0.87, 0.9, and 0.84 respectively.
References:
* ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 5.1, Confusion Matrix, provides detailed formulas and explanations for calculating various metrics including accuracy, recall, and specificity.
* "ML Functional Performance Metrics" (ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus, Section 5).

NEW QUESTION # 83
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